H381 Revolutionary Russia

The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS), currently in its 17th edition, was developed by the University of Chicago Press and debuted in 1906. It is a popular style manual for social sciences and history. 

CMS is unique in that it provides two options for the in-text citing of sources: Notes & Bibliography style and Author-Date style. 

1. In Notes & Bibliography style, a source is indicated by a superscripted note number, which corresponds to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of the main text (as an endnote). All sources are then listed in the Bibliography at the end of the text.

2. In Author-Date style, the source is indicated parenthetically with the last name(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication, along with page numbers, as applicable. All sources are then listed in the Bibliography at the end of the text.

In the more commonly used form of Chicago Manual of Style (CMOS), the Notes & Bibliography style, sources are indicated by superscripted note numbers, which correspond to a full citation either at the bottom of the page (as a footnote) or at the end of the main text (as an endnote).

There are three different types of citation notes: full, short, and shorter. When citing a source multiple times, provide the full citation in the first instance, then provide a shortened citation. Short notes include the author(s) last name(s), a shortened version of the title of the book/article, and page number(s). Shorter notes just include the author(s) last name(s) and page number(s).

All citations are included in the bibliography at the end of the text.

Previous editions of CMOS encouraged using the abbreviation ibid. to indicate a work cited in the note immediately preceding. The most recent edition of CMOS discourages this in favor of continuing using shortened citations omitting the work’s title

The following are examples of the formatting of different kinds of sources:

Print book:

1. Zadie Smith, Swing Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2016), 315–16.

2. Brian Grazer and Charles Fishman, A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015), 12.

3. Smith, Swing Time, 320.

4. Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37.

Journal articles:

1. Susan Satterfield, “Livy and the Pax Deum,” Classical Philology 111, no. 2 (April 2016): 170.

2. Shao-Hsun Keng, Chun-Hung Lin, and Peter F. Orazem, “Expanding College Access in Taiwan, 1978–2014: Effects on Graduate Quality and Income Inequality,” Journal of Human Capital 11, no. 1 (Spring 2017): 9–10, https://doi.org/10.1086/690235.

3. Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73.

4. Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23.

Repeated sources: