Citation MLA Style
MLA Style, as published in the MLA Handbook (print) and MLA Style Center (online), is developed and maintained by the Modern Language Association (MLA), the main professional organization in the United States for scholars of language and literature. MLA is most commonly used in the humanities, primarily language and literature studies, cultural studies, media studies, and related disciplines.
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MLA Style Center
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Citation APA Style
APA Style, currently in its seventh edition, was developed by the American Psychological Association (APA). The style is commonly used in the fields of behavioral and social sciences. In addition to being one of the most popular style guides in academia, APA Style's most enduring legacy is its continually updated guidelines for reducing bias in language.
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Citation Chicago Style
Chicago Manual of Style Online
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Citation Guide for ACS
The ACS Guide to Scholarly Communication
Get help with your Works Cited List. See the References chapter for journal title abbreviations and directions for creating citations.
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MLA Core Elements
APA Examples
Template: AuthorLastName, F. I. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume(issue), pages. DOI or URL.
Journal article (with DOI): McDonald, J. E., Faytol, A. L., Grau, P. P., Olson, J. R., Goddard, H. W., & Marshall, J. P. (2020). Compassion and values influence marital quality amongst couples in three U.S. states. Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 9(2), 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000134
Journal article (no DOI): Ployd, A. (2020). What makes a martyr? The Movement for Black Lives and the power of rhetoric old and new. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 55(1), 33-45.
Template: AuthorLastName, F. I. (Year). Title. Publisher.
One author: Davis, A. Y. (2003). Are prisons obsolete? Seven Stories Press.
Multiple authors: Lewis, J., Aydin, A., & Powell, N. (2013). March: Book one. Top Shelf Productions.
Chapter in an edited book: Wright, R. (2011). High tide in Harlem: Joe Louis as a symbol of freedom. In J. Schulian & G. Kimball (Ed.), At the fights: American writers on boxing (pp. 68-74). Library of America.
Template: AuthorLastName, F. I. (Date). Article title (if applicable). Title of Website. URL
Template for videos: Author, A. A. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Source. Retrieved from URL
Article on a website: Adeline, S., Hanzhang Jin, C., Hurt, A., Wilburn, T., Wood, D., & Talbot, R. (August 5, 2020). Tracking the pandemic: Are coronavirus cases rising or falling in your state? NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/16/816707182/map-tracking-the-spread-of-the-coronavirus-in-the-u-s
Entire web site: News Literacy Project. (2020). News Literacy Project. https://newslit.org/
Video: University of Oxford. (2018, December 6). How do geckos walk on water? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qm1xGfOZJc8
Notes:
- If no author is listed, begin the entry with the web page title.
- If the content is likely to change over time, include retrieval date.
- If an organization is listed as the author/creator, list the organization name in place of an individual's name.
MLA Examples
Template: AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, date, pages. [doi/url if available]
Journal article (with DOI): Bisschoff, Lizelle. "African Cyborgs: Females and Feminists in African Science Fiction Film." Interventions: The International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, vol. 22, no. 5, 2020, pp. 608-623. EBSCO MegaFILE, doi:10.1080/1369801X.2019.1659155.
Journal article (no DOI): Williams, Linda. "Film Bodies: Gender, Genre, and Excess." Film Quarterly, vol. 44, no. 4, 1991, pp. 2-13.
Template: AuthorLastName, FirstName. Book Title. Publisher, Year.
One author: Morrison, Toni. Beloved. Knopf, 1987.
Multiple authors: Mann, Jill, and Piero Boitani. The Cambridge Chaucer Companion. Cambridge University Press, 1986.
Chapter in an edited book: Mayfield, Julian. "James Baldwin: Voice of a Revolution." Critical Essays on James Baldwin, edited by Fred L. Stanley and Nancy V. Burt, G.K. Hall, 1988, 188-201.
Template: AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Website Publisher, Date, URL.
Article on a website: Wabuke, Hope. "'Caste' Argues its Most Violent Manifestation is in Treatment of Black Americans." NPR, August 10, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/08/10/900274938/caste-argues-its-most-violent-manifestation-is-in-treatment-of-black-americans.
Streaming Video: Yuan, Eric. "How to Connect While Apart." TED, July 2020, https://www.ted.com/talks/eric_yuan_how_to_connect_while_apart/up-next.
CMS Examples
Template: AuthorLastName, FirstName. "Article Title." Journal Title Volume, no. Issue (Date): Page range for article, DOI (if available).
(List all author names for entries with one to ten authors. For works with more than ten authors, list the first seven names, followed by et al.)
Journal article (with DOI): Peltonen, Kirsi, Noora Ellonen, Helmer B. Larsen, and Karin Helweg-Larsen. "Parental Violence and Adolescent Mental Health." European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 19, no. 1 (2010): 813-822, doi: 10.1007/s00787-010-0130-8.
Journal article (without DOI): MacDonald, Susan Peck. "The Erasure of Language." College Composition and Communication 58, no. 4 (2007): 585-625.
Template: AuthorLastName, FirstName. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
One author: Woodham Smith, Cecil. The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845-1849. New York: Harper & Row, 1962.
Multiple authors: Lash, Scott, and John Urry. Economies of Signs & Space. London: Sage Publications, 1994.
(List all author names for entries with one to ten authors. For works with more than ten authors, list the first seven names, followed by et al.)
Chapter in an edited book: Carter, Philip. "James Boswell's Manliness." In English Masculinities, 1660-1800, edited by Tim Hitchcock and Michelle Cohen, 111-130. London: Longman, 1999.
Template: AuthorLastName, First Name. "Article/post title." Source, Publication or access date. URL.
(If an author's name is not listed, list the organization or website title.)
Article on a website: Google. "Privacy Policy." Privacy & Terms. Accessed August 24, 2020. https://policies.google.com/privacy
Online video: Bouman, Katie. "How to Take a Picture of a Black Hole." Filmed November 2016 at TEDxBeaconStreet, Brookline, MA. Video, 12:51.
Social media post: Chicago Manual of Style. "Is the world ready for singular they? We thought so back in 1993." Facebook, April 17, 2015. https://www.facebook.com/ChicagoManual/posts/10152906193679151.
(In general, social media citations do not typically need to be included in the bibliography. If a title is not present, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post.)
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